ABSTRACT
Los trastornos de la función tiroidea afectan profundamente al sistema cardiovascular. En esta revisión se presentan algunos aspectos fisiológicos de la interrelación entre tiroides y corazón, como también las consecuencias de la tirotoxicosis e hipotiroidismo sobre el aparato cardiovascular. Se analiza la influencia del hipertiroidismo en la gèc)nesis de la fibrilación auricular y del hipotiroidismo en el metabolismo de las lipoproteínas. Adicionalmente, el artículo se referirá a los potenciales efectos adversos del antiarrítmico amiodarona sobre la función tiroidea y cómo se investigan y tratan. Finalmente, se expone un caso clínico real para ilustrar con mayor claridad la enorme importancia que pueden alcanzar las relaciones fisiopatológicas entre el corazón y las afecciones de esta glándula endocrina.
Disorders of thyroid function profoundly affect the cardiovascular system. Inthisreviewsomephysiologicalaspectsoftherelationship between thyroid and the heart as well as the consequences of thyrotoxicosis and hypothyroidism on the cardiovascular system are presented. The influence of hyperthyroidism is analyzed in the genesis of atrial fibrillation and of hypothyroidism on lipoprotein metabolism. Furthermore, we refer to the potential adverse effects of the antiarrhythmic amiodarone on thyroid function and how they are investigated and treated. Finally, a real clinical case is exposed to more clearly illustrate the enormous importance that can reach the pathophysiological relationships between the heart and the diseases of the thyroid gland.
Subject(s)
Humans , Thyroid Diseases/physiopathology , Cardiovascular System/physiopathology , Cardiovascular System/metabolism , Atrial Fibrillation , Thyroid Diseases/chemically induced , Thyroid Diseases/metabolism , Thyroid Diseases/therapy , Thyroid Hormones/metabolism , Amiodarone/adverse effects , Hyperthyroidism/physiopathology , Hypothyroidism/physiopathology , Anti-Arrhythmia AgentsABSTRACT
Background: Celiac patients are at high risk of developing insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, a condition that has a long pre-diabetic period. During this lapse, anti-islet cell antibodies serve as markers for future disease. This may be related with the duration of the exposure to gluten. Aim: To test the hypothesis that long term adherence to a gluten free diet decreases the frequency of risk markers for insulin dependent diabetes mellitus during adolescence and early adulthood. Patients and methods: 158 celiac patients were classified as: G1, (n=30 patients) studied at the time of diagnosis; G2 (n=97 patients) exposed to gluten as a result of non compliance with the gluten free diet and, G3 (n=31 patients) who had maintained a long term, strict gluten free diet. Isotype IgG anti-islet cell antibodies were detected by indirect immunofluorescence using monkey pancreas; results were reported in Juvenile Diabetes Foundation (JDF) units. Results: Celiac patients exposed to a gluten containing diet had a significantly higher prevalence of anti-islet cell antibodies than those who had been exposed only briefly (p <0.017). In addition, a significantly higher prevalence of anti-islet cell antibodies was observed in those patients whose exposure to gluten was longer than 5 years than in those whose exposure was shorter (p <0.02). Conclusions: Celiac patients long exposed to gluten have a significantly higher prevalence of anti-islet cell antibodies than those exposed for a short period. This fact supports the hypothesis that the development of these antibodies is associated with the length of the exposure to gluten (Rev Méd Chile 2004; 132: 979-84).
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Male , Humans , Female , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 , Celiac Disease/immunology , Glutens/administration & dosage , Glutens/adverse effects , Islets of Langerhans/immunology , Diet , Risk Factors , Time FactorsABSTRACT
Estudios publicados concluyen que el desarrollo de enfermedades autoinmunes en pacientes celiacos se incrementa al aumentar el tiempo de exposición al gluten y cuanto mayor sea la edad al diagnóstico. La adolescencia constituye un periodo de la vida en el cual una dieta libre de gluten frecuentemente se abandona. Por esto es de suma importancia investigar marcadores inmunológicos endocrinos en pacientes celiacos que cumplen o no la dieta libre de gluten.
Subject(s)
Celiac Disease , Autoimmunity , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 , GlutensABSTRACT
Background: Endomysium antibodies (EMA) do not detect minor dietary transgressions in patients with celiac disease. Aim : To compare the sensitivity and specificity of tissue transglutaminase antibodies (tTGA) and endomysium antibodies (EMA) in biopsy proven celiac patients at the time of diagnosis and during gluten free diet (GFD). Patients and methods : One hundred fifty three subjects were studied: a) 30 healthy controls; b) 9 cases with cow's milk allergy; c) 24 celiac patients at time of diagnosis; d) 25 celiac patients adhering to the GFD; e) 65 celiac patients with poor/no adhesion to GFD. EMA and tTGA IgA were measured by immunofluorescence and ELISA, respectively. Results: Sensitivity and specificity were 100 percent and 97.4 percent for tTGA, respectively. All patients with cow's milk allergy were EMA (-) and 8 of 9 (88.9 percent) were tTGA (-). In celiac patients not adhering to the GFD, EMA and tTGA positivity were similar (80 percent and 81,5 percent, respectively); 95,4 percent of the subjects tested positive for at least one of them. All patients adhering to GFD were EMA (-) but tTGA were (+) in 28 percent of them. Conclusions : EMA and tTGA have similar sensitivity and specificity at the time of diagnosis of celiac disease. Positive tTGA in 28 percent of patients that adhered strictly to the GFD and whose EMA were negative suggest that tTGA may be helpful in detecting minor dietary transgressions and should be further evaluated
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Transglutaminases , Antibody Specificity , Celiac Disease/immunology , Case-Control Studies , Glutens , Lactose Intolerance , Antibody Formation/immunologyABSTRACT
The differentiation, architecture and function of the mucosa of the digestive tract is the result of close interactions between the epithelial cells and their underlying connective tissue. This interaction not only plays a role in the normal morphological organization of the intestinal mucosa but also in the organization and maturation of the enterocytes, the development of some of their enzymatic activities, the transport of nutriens and the restitution of the epithelium following denudation of the surface of villi due to loss of enterocytes. It is thought that disturbances of the cells of the connective tissue, especially of the myofibroblasts as well as of some of the above mentioned mechanisms, participate in the pathogenesis of some gastrointestinal diseases, celiac disease among them. This review summarizes some of the knowledge in this area